This perspective permits us to suggest that most of Pavlov's influence on behaviorism was of a symbolic and methodological nature-though the methodological influence also reached other authors that did not belong to the behaviorist traditions, as was the case of Mateer. In order to understand the nature of the Russian physiologist's influence in American psychology, we propose a distinction between three approaches to it: 1) the symbolic approach, on representing a model of the possibility of constructing an objective psychology 2) the methodological approach, given the importance of the technique of conditional reflexes and 3) the theoretical approach, which is derived from his theory of higher nervous activity. This work presents a critical analysis of Pavlov's influence that goes beyond the conventional view: that which reduces his influence in American psychology to the behaviorism of Watson and Hull. Palavras-chave: aprendizagem, memória, medo, proteína Zenk, condicionamento clássico. Conclusão: Os trabalhos analisados confirmam o importante papel da expressão da proteína Zenk em processos celulares e moleculares no hipocampo durante a aquisição e recuperação de memória aversiva. Resultados: Foram selecio-nados 55 trabalhos, dentre eles 50 artigos científicos e 05 livros. Foram utilizados livros e artigos publicados na base de dados Pubmed, Science Direct e Scielo na língua inglesa ou portuguesa. Métodos: Tratou-se de um trabalho de revisão sistemática de literatura. Objetivo: Analisar o papel da proteína Zenk em tarefas de condicionamento clássico aversivo aquisição da memória aversiva. Diversos estudos mostraram a indução da expressão de Zenk no hipocampo de animais (mamíferos e aves) pelo treino em condicionamento clássico aversivo e pelo teste no contexto aversivo. As análises do condicionamento clássico aversivo são importantes para as análises do comportamento e dos processos mecanismos neurais subjacentes. Resumo Uma grande parte do conhecimento sobre as bases e mecanismos neurais dos processos de aprendizagem, memória e amnésia fundamenta-se na investigação dos correlatos neurais do comportamento de animais não humanos em situações aversivas. Allowing agents to make mistakes for a reason should be an integral part of multi-agent-based simulation in the field of pairwise human simulation. This study proposes that to obtain more realistic simulation results, it is necessary to introduce more realistic perceptual models for agents, rather than relying solely on random functions. From the simulation results, it can be observed that one of the possible causes of the black swan phenomenon is the tampering of the voting results, which leads to more biased voters, thus increasing the frequency of the winning elections. By adjusting the tampering method, the frequency of the black swan phenomenon will change from 5% to 15%. In this study, the black swan phenomenon is successfully reproduced using a bias-generating agent-based election system model. However, many models are unable to restore the generation of such a high frequency of black swan phenomena. It can be found from the analysis of the poll results of the 2016 US election that the frequency of “Trump won,” which is generally considered a black swan phenomenon, is not low and even reached 16.8%. Several studies have proposed that vote tampering based on heuristic algorithms can manipulate voters’ votes. Nevertheless, many of the issues addressed by this research were ones that Pavlov had been the first to raise, so that his major influence can be seen as that of defining a research program for subsequent students of learning. Post-1927 most learning research in the English-speaking countries continued to use instrumental, rather than Pavlovian, conditioning procedures. However, this mistake was not made by Skinner (1938), who also provided the strongest arguments against Pavlov's belief that behavioral effects required explanation in terms of physiological processes. This assumption was not questioned by Tolman (1932), Hilgard and Marquis (1940) or by Hull (1943). This reveals that Watson (1924) had been highly effective in promoting the misleading idea that Pavlov was a fellow S-R theorist. The impact this had on their study of the psychology of learning can be assessed by examining influential books in this area. The translation of Pavlov's lectures (Pavlov, 1927) provided English-speaking psychologists with access to the full scope of Pavlov's research and theoretical ideas.
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